Steam Distillation of Orange Oil Discussion

Simple report on steam distillation of orange oil

Example Laboratory Report Format
(2-sided preferred and no separate title page needed!)
Name:________________________________________________________________________
Title of Experiment with numerotation_____________________________________________
Date:_________________________________________________________________________
Lab Section:___e.g. Tuesday 11:30 – 2:00________________________________________
†
I. Introduction/
Purpose:
This should be few sentences including the 6 points listed in prelab study on your notebook
such as name of major reactants & products, type of reaction (addition, SN1…), technique of
reaction, type of experiment (reflux, addition at low temperature,…), technique to isolate/purify
the product (recrystallization, distillation,…), techniques to identify the products (density, UV,
IR…)
Example exp 8.1.
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the reaction and stereochemical nature of the
products of the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid using an addition and reflux
apparatus. The dibromo products of addition are isolated by filtration and can exist as racemic
mixtures of2R,3R/2S,3S “±Erythro” and/or 2R,3S/2S,3R “±Threo” diastereomers, which
exhibit significantly different melting points. The reaction mechanism and the stereochemical
nature of the products were evaluated using a melting point measurement and was derived from
the resultant stereochemical nature of the products.
II. Procedure:
A summary of the experimental procedure used in the lab including modifications from the
book. This is to be in your own words, not copied from the laboratory manual. Do not include
laboratory observations in the procedure section. This section is typically written in the past
tense third person passive voice. Do not write outlines, numbered lists, or bulleted lists.
This section must be written in proper paragraph form with complete sentences.
III.
Data,
Observations &
Calculations:
This section will contain important information for calculation and discussion (empty flasks
masses not needed). You must provide organized tables of your own design Column/row
names including observations (color, phase changes…) and data involved (molar quantities,
masses and volumes of reagents, yields of crude and pure products). Annotate if the data is
from the literature, calculated or experimental. Don’t repeat same data in different tables.
All calculations should be shown out of the tables. One example of each calculation should
be provided. Percent yields must be calculated where appropriate. Any figure, chart and
spectra should be included in this section with legend and title.
IV. Discussion:
Chemical reaction equation and mechanism involved in the experiment should be drawn in
this section † . This section should be written in paragraph form and must account for the
observations and data you obtained from the experiment. You should summarize your results
and relate them to the chemistry that you know. Each lab background section contains concepts
to consider as you write this section. Reports which do not contain a discussion of the
important chemical concepts of the experiment will have points deducted.This section
should also answer any questions found in the lab procedure.
V. Conclusion
Comment on your observations and results. This section of the lab report describes what you
have learned in the experiment. Use this section of the lab report to discuss the purpose of the
experiment, any sources of errors that you encountered, the reliability of the data, additional
investigations that you might suggest, and the relationship between your discoveries and
chemical principles, theories, and concepts. If your experiment included the determination of
some value which can be compared to a known actual value, write a conclusion about the
accuracy of your results. Use the conclusion section to provide additional supporting
information to the lab report.
For a FREE software package for drawing chemical reactions visit www.acdlabs.com and look for ChemSketch.
5
Steam Distillation of Orange Oil Lab Report
Discussion
Steam distillation is a separation process that is used to purify liquids that are nonvolatile and
immiscible with water. In this lab, steam distillation was used to extract essential oils and water from an
orange. The addition of water vapors depresses the boiling point of D-limonene and allows the
distillation to occur at a lower temperature. This prevents the deterioration of the compound. Steam
distillation was chosen as the method of extraction for this lab due to the simplicity of the scheme. In
addition, the boiling point of D-limonene is approximately 176°C; by extracting D-limonene with water,
the boiling point is lowered and allows for the extraction to take place in a less extreme environment.
Steam distillation produces a technical grade of D-limonene. In order to produce a food grade of Dlimonene, the orange would first have to be cold pressed and then undergo vacuum distillation. In order
to produce an orange essential oil, the orange would first be juiced and then the juice would be
evaporated to create frozen concentrated orange juice. The remainder is the essential oils.
In order to extract D-limonene, an orange was zested. The zest was added to a 100 mL round
bottom flask along with 60 mL of deionized water. The round bottom flask was then placed in the steam
distillation apparatus. The round bottom flask and still head were covered with foil. With the variac set
to 65%, the solution began to boil at approximately 100°C. During the experiment, the round bottom
flask boiled over, causing the distillate to become contaminated. The flask was replaced in order to
collect uncontaminated distillate. Once about 45 mL of distillate was collected, 1.01 grams of sodium
chloride was added and then was transferred to a 60 mL separatory funnel. The receiver flask was rinsed
with 5 mL of diethyl ether and the wash was also added to the separatory funnel. Two extractions were
performed successively with 16 mL of diethyl ether each in order to remove the product. The extracted
organic fractions were washed with 10 mL of brine in order to remove water from the product. The
layers were then separated and the organic layer was dried with 1.265 grams anhydrous sodium sulfate.
The solution was filtered into a tared 100 mL round bottom flask. The round bottom flask was placed on
the rotary evaporator in order to remove the ether from the product. The water bath was not heated
during the evaporation process. After the evaporation process, there was 0.413 grams of product left.
The contaminated flask also completed the extraction and purification process. However, while the
solution was in the rotovap, no ethanol was evaporated. Due to this, the solution was discarded and the
results were not recorded. The collected product smelled very sweet, almost like Fruit Loops. The Dlimonene smelled like a sweet orange while the L-limonene smelled like a pungent cleaner. The
enantiomers most likely smell differently due to the differences in stereochemistry. The stereo-chemical
differences cause the molecules to interact differently with the olfactory receptors. Some sources of
error include machine malfunction, when the slurry boiled over during the steam distillation, and human
error.
After the extraction process, the optical rotation of the product was determined. Optical
rotation is the rotation of polarized light as it travels through certain materials that contain a chiral
center. Each material has a specific optical rotation. For example, the optical rotation of crude, neat
orange oil is between +75° and +100°. In order to determine the optical rotation of the product, 0.233
grams of the product was mixed with 5 mL of ethanol, this created a concentration of 0.046 g/mL. The
solution was placed in the polarimeter and the optical rotation was determined to be +4.18°. Using the
equation below, the specific rotation was determined to be +89.6996° while the specific rotation of pure
D-limonene is +115.5±1°. The variation between the collected sample and the pure sample is due to the
impurities that remained in the collected sample
[𝛼] =
𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4.18°
=
𝑔 = 89.6996°
(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑛)
(1 𝑑𝑚)(0.046 𝑚𝐿)
Conclusion
After the steam distillation and purification process, 0.413 grams of isolated D-limonene was
collected. The product had an optical rotation of +4.18° and a specific rotation of 89.6996°. Pure Dlimonene has an optical rotation of +125.6° and a specific rotation of +115.5±1°. The differences in
optical rotation and specific rotation are most likely due to impurities in the collected D-limonene.
Steam Distillation of orange Oil
by Essay Writer
Submission date: 21-Jan-2020 08:14PM (UTC+0700)
Submission ID: 1244408579
File name: Steam_Distillation_of_orange_Oil.docx (61.51K)
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Steam Distillation of orange Oil
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Example Laboratory Report Format
(2-sided preferred and no separate title page needed!)
Name:________________________________________________________________________
Title of Experiment with numerotation_____________________________________________
Date:_________________________________________________________________________
Lab Section:___e.g. Tuesday 11:30 – 2:00________________________________________
†
I. Introduction/
Purpose:
This should be few sentences including the 6 points listed in prelab study on your notebook
such as name of major reactants & products, type of reaction (addition, SN1…), technique of
reaction, type of experiment (reflux, addition at low temperature,…), technique to isolate/purify
the product (recrystallization, distillation,…), techniques to identify the products (density, UV,
IR…)
Example exp 8.1.
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the reaction and stereochemical nature of the
products of the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid using an addition and reflux
apparatus. The dibromo products of addition are isolated by filtration and can exist as racemic
mixtures of2R,3R/2S,3S “±Erythro” and/or 2R,3S/2S,3R “±Threo” diastereomers, which
exhibit significantly different melting points. The reaction mechanism and the stereochemical
nature of the products were evaluated using a melting point measurement and was derived from
the resultant stereochemical nature of the products.
II. Procedure:
A summary of the experimental procedure used in the lab including modifications from the
book. This is to be in your own words, not copied from the laboratory manual. Do not include
laboratory observations in the procedure section. This section is typically written in the past
tense third person passive voice. Do not write outlines, numbered lists, or bulleted lists.
This section must be written in proper paragraph form with complete sentences.
III.
Data,
Observations &
Calculations:
This section will contain important information for calculation and discussion (empty flasks
masses not needed). You must provide organized tables of your own design Column/row
names including observations (color, phase changes…) and data involved (molar quantities,
masses and volumes of reagents, yields of crude and pure products). Annotate if the data is
from the literature, calculated or experimental. Don’t repeat same data in different tables.
All calculations should be shown out of the tables. One example of each calculation should
be provided. Percent yields must be calculated where appropriate. Any figure, chart and
spectra should be included in this section with legend and title.
IV. Discussion:
Chemical reaction equation and mechanism involved in the experiment should be drawn in
this section † . This section should be written in paragraph form and must account for the
observations and data you obtained from the experiment. You should summarize your results
and relate them to the chemistry that you know. Each lab background section contains concepts
to consider as you write this section. Reports which do not contain a discussion of the
important chemical concepts of the experiment will have points deducted.This section
should also answer any questions found in the lab procedure.
V. Conclusion
Comment on your observations and results. This section of the lab report describes what you
have learned in the experiment. Use this section of the lab report to discuss the purpose of the
experiment, any sources of errors that you encountered, the reliability of the data, additional
investigations that you might suggest, and the relationship between your discoveries and
chemical principles, theories, and concepts. If your experiment included the determination of
some value which can be compared to a known actual value, write a conclusion about the
accuracy of your results. Use the conclusion section to provide additional supporting
information to the lab report.
For a FREE software package for drawing chemical reactions visit www.acdlabs.com and look for ChemSketch.
5
EXPERIMENT 17.2 STEAM DISTILLATION
Isolation of Natural Flavors and Fragrances
207
Estimated Time:
OF ORANGE OIL
2.0 hours
Special Hazards
exposure.
ontainer in
Procedure
Ether is highly flammable; avoid exposure to heat or flames. If the orange from which
the peel is taken is to be eaten, it must be done outside the lab.
water (80
until you
40 mL).
rtions of
2SO4.
tography
e liquid
ichloro-
slide in
lly, dip
ipe off
A) will
ails.
into a
roduct
of the
thetic.
1 con-
Cut or tear one orange peel into pieces less than 1 cm on a side, so that they can be
removed from the round-bottomed flask after the experiment. Be aware that they will
swell during the heating. Place these pieces in a 250-ml round-bottomed flask with
100 mL of water. Set up for simple distillation by adding a Claisen head, thermometer
with adapter, and condenser, plus a collection container (a beaker or round-bottomed
flask with a bent adapter) as well as a heating mantle and variable transformer. Distill
and collect 30–50 mL of distillate. Swirl the collection flask and observe the droplets
of limonene on the surface of the water. Smell the product and describe the odor. Place
the distillate in a separatory funnel. Rinse the collection flask with a 20-mL portion of
ether and add this to the separatory funnel. Shake and vent, then remove the aqueous
phase and dry the ether extract over Na2SO4, decant into a beaker, add a boiling chip,
and remove the ether on a steam bath in the hood. Note the odor and record the mass
of the product (0.2-0.5 g). Combine your product with that of several others and take
an IR spectrum and refractive index. Dispose of the orange rind in a trashcan; do not
put it in the sink because it may clog the drain.
s and
QUESTIONS
1. Interpret the most important peaks in the IR spectrum you obtained.
2. How well does your IR spectrum match the literature spectrum in Figure 17–6? Explain any
differences.
igure
100
23 25
IL 0.0
MICRONS
6
7
5.5
4.5
8
9
11
10
22 23 24 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9
12
3,5
14
13
15 16 17 18 19
-on
21 23 25
LLL 0.0
.05
-.05
0.1
ww
Nam
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
12
CH3
moZE DO PP
-0.3
MOZDOR
-0.3
N-0.4
0.4
-0.5
0.5
HCC=CH2
0.6
0.7
0.8
-0.9
1.0
NEAT
-0.6
0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
– 2.0
400
800
600
2.0
100
1400
1200
1000
2000
1800
A 100 4200 4000 3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200
1600
WAVENUMBERS
)
Figure 17-6 Infrared Spectrum of Limonene